A chronological record of confirmed hacks, disclosed vulnerabilities, and bug bounties in zero-knowledge proof protocols from 2023 to 2026, with technical root cause analysis for each incident.
2026, Jun 19 —An analysis of security incidents in ZK-rollup bridges from 2023 to 2026, covering confirmed exploits, circuit-level vulnerability disclosures, and bug bounties targeting ZK withdrawal and settlement mechanisms.
2026, Jun 19 —Canton Network is a privacy-preserving Layer-1 blockchain using Daml smart contracts and two-layer consensus. Learn its architecture, privacy model, and how it compares to Ethereum, Railgun, Zcash, Zama fhEVM, and Besu.
2026, May 12 —A deep-dive into Hash Time-Locked Contracts (HTLCs) - how they work cryptographically, how Garden Finance uses them for a trustless Bitcoin bridge, and the threat model behind the protocol.
2026, May 11 —A deep dive into Soroban's three storage types, TTL mechanics, and the Protocol 23 auto-restoration model — with a focus on how archival semantics affect smart contract security analysis.
2026, Apr 15 —A technical introduction to the Anchor framework for Solana program development. Covers program structure, PDAs, CPIs, custom errors, and testing with LiteSVM and Mollusk.
2026, Mar 13 —Learn how to integrate Pyth Network pull oracle price feeds in Solidity and Solana programs, with a deep focus on security pitfalls — staleness, confidence intervals, fixed-point math, and adversarial selection.
2026, Mar 13 —Learn how to use Trident, the Rust-based fuzzing framework for Anchor programs on Solana. Covers fuzzing fundamentals, test structure, instruction construction, invariant checking, and execution.
2026, Mar 13 —A deep technical analysis of the OpenZeppelin ERC-7984 Confidential Fungible Token implementation, covering the core accounting model, FHE-safe arithmetic, ACL access patterns, operator system, and the extension ecosystem.
2026, Feb 24 —Understanding the dual nonce system in ERC-4337 smart wallets, the differences between CREATE and CREATE2 for contract deployment, and the pitfalls encountered with EIP-7702 delegation.
2026, Feb 17 —A practical security analysis of EIP-7702 smart wallets covering initialization front-running, access control, signature replay, dual nonce systems, and residual risks inherent to EOA code delegation.
2026, Feb 17 —A technical comparison of ERC-20 token implementations across OpenZeppelin Contracts, Solady, and Solarity solidity-lib. Covers features, gas efficiency, architecture, extensibility, and selection criteria.
2026, Feb 13 —A technical comparison of ERC-1271 and ERC-7913 signature verification across OpenZeppelin v5.5.0, Solady v0.1.26, Coinbase Smart Wallet v1.1.0, and Solarity solidity-lib v3.3.2. Covers architecture, features, gas, and selection criteria.
2026, Feb 13 —This article describes how CMTAT implements flexible access control by separating business logic from authorization policy, allowing deployments to choose between RBAC, ownership, OpenZeppelin AccessManager, or custom policies.
2026, Jan 27 —A technical comparison of traditional futures and crypto perpetual futures, covering no-arbitrage pricing, mark-to-market settlement, the funding rate mechanism, and liquidation.
2025, Dec 29 —This article is an overview of the OpenZeppelin ERC-4337 Account contract. The content is mainly based on the OpenZeppelin documentation.
2025, Dec 13 —This article summarizes the essential points to verify when reviewing a Solidity verifier contract using in zk-proof systems
2025, Nov 28 —Tornado Cash is one of Ethereum’s pioneering privacy protocols build on zk-SNARK and Circom zero-knowledge circuits.
2025, Nov 19 —Staking in Solana is the process of locking SOL tokens in a stake account to...
2025, Nov 09 —USD₮0 is an Omnichain Fungible Token (OFT) built on LayerZero, enabling cross-chain transfers of USDT. Learn how USD₮0 works, its architecture, and the Legacy Mesh that connects existing USDT networks.
2025, Nov 07 —Initially established as core contributors to the Sky (f.k.a. MakerDAO) ecosystem, Steakhouse has gone on to become a curator and DeFi advisory firm working with some of the largest protocols, including Lido, Morpho, Ethena, ENS, Arbitrum, and more.
2025, Nov 06 —Cryptocurrency exchanges play a pivotal role in the digital asset ecosystem, serving as platforms for on-ramp, trading, storing, and converting cryptocurrencies. As central nodes in a highly valuable and rapidly evolving industry, these exchanges are frequent targets for cyberattacks and financial fraud.
2025, Nov 06 —Aztec L2 enables private, composable smart contracts on Ethereum using zero-knowledge proofs and hybrid public/private state.
2025, Oct 29 —RAILGUN brings full privacy to DeFi using zk-SNARK cryptography, shielding senders, recipients, and tokens for untraceable blockchain transactions.
2025, Oct 28 —Solana CLI and the spl-token tool allows to create tokens, configure authorities, manage accounts, and use advanced extensions introduced with Token-2022.
2025, Oct 13 —Seal is a framework that allows developers to encrypt data using Identity-Based Encryption (IBE) while enforcing onchain access policies on Sui.
2025, Sep 27 —This article explains the cryptography behind zk-SNARKs and compares them to other zero-knowledge proofs like STARKs and Bulletproofs.
2025, Jul 29 —This article presents the differences between abi.encode, abi.encodePacked, and abi.encodeWithSignature in Solidity. Use cases, examples, and security tips.
2025, Jul 29 —This article explores data structures in OpenZeppelin Contracts v5, including EnumerableSet, DoubleEndedQueue, CircularBuffer, Checkpoints, Heap, and MerkleTree.
2025, Jul 29 —Automated Market Makers (AMMs) are an essential piece of decentralized finance (DeFi). This article delves into the most commonly used formulas in AMM design, their benefits, and their limitations.
2025, Jul 29 —First Fight 42 - Snowman Merkle Airdrop.
2025, Jul 11 —First Fight 41 - SSSwap is aimed to be a minimalistic AMM on Solana.
2025, Jul 11 —This EIP adds a new EIP-2718 transaction type that allows Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs) to set the code in their account.
2025, May 09 —First Fight 38 - Rock Paper Scissors DApp is a fully decentralized implementation of the classic Rock Paper Scissors game on Ethereum.
2025, May 07 —This article presents the different standards to represent cross-chain token on Ethereum and EVM blockchain, notably ERC-7281(xERC20) & ERC-7802
2025, May 07 —This article presents the list of EIP included in Ethereum Pectra Upgrade (2025)
2025, May 02 —This article presents a global overview of ERC-4337 which offers Account Abstraction on Ethereum using Alt Mempool and an entrypoint.
2025, May 02 —Learn what a Merkle DAG is and how it used in distributed systems like IPFS and Git. This overview explains the structure, key benefits, and use cases of Merkle DAGs in content-addressed storage and version control.
2025, Apr 09 —Discover how Multicall enables batch execution of smart contract calls, when to use CALL vs DELEGATECALL, and how contract interactions differ from EOAs.
2025, Apr 03 —This article is a deep dive into the generation of private keys until obtaining a public address through the main related BIPs - BIP-32 and BIP-39
2025, Mar 27 —This article presents a global overview of ERC-721 standard (NFT), covering its core functions, metadata, and security best practices and to build it with OpenZeppelin.
2025, Mar 03 —Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) enable unique, verifiable ownership of digital and real-world items on the blockchain. While ERC-721 remains the main standard to represent NFTs on Ethereum and EVM blockchains, several other standards (ERC-1155, ERC-2981, ERC-4907,...) have emerged to meet various use cases and improve functionality.
2025, Jan 14 —DECO is a zkTLS-oracle made by Chainlink for authenticating and verifying web data in a privacy-preserving manner.
2025, Jan 13 —Bittensor is an open source platform on which you can produce competitive digital commodities. These digital commodities can be machine intelligence, storage space, compute power, protein folding, financial markets prediction, and many more.
2024, Dec 16 —Dives deep and explains how Liquity differs from Maker DAO.
2024, Dec 16 —Virtuals Protocol is a co-ownership layer for AI agents in gaming and entertainment. These agents can operate across a wide range of applications and games, significantly expanding their revenue surface area. AI agents can be to be tokenized and co-owned via blockchain.
2024, Dec 05 —Farcaster is a sufficiently decentralized social network built on Ethereum. It is a public social network similar to Twitter and Reddit. Users can create profiles, share posts known as "casts," and follow others. Users have full ownership of their accounts and connections, allowing them the freedom to transition between different apps.
2024, Dec 05 —The CoW protocol allows users to trade assets through signed messages (intents)instead of direct on-chain transaction to save gas, find optimal prices and protect orders from MEV.
2024, Nov 21 —Differential cryptanalysis is a method to attack symmetric cryptographic algorithms, such as block ciphers, by analyzing the impact of specific input differences on output differences after several rounds of encryption.
2024, Oct 30 —Shamir's Secret Sharing (SSS) is a cryptographic technique that allows to split a secret, such as a private key, into multiple shares distributed among trusted parties. Only a specified threshold of shares is required to reconstruct the secret, ensuring security against unauthorized access.
2024, Oct 29 —This article explains the generation of private keys in Bitcoin until obtaining a public address and the different type of addresses.
2024, Oct 28 —Learn how ECDSA (Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm) works, its role in digital signatures, and its different use cases, notably in Blockchain.
2024, Oct 23 —This article is an introduction to Multi-Party Computation (MPC)Mathematical Foundation of MPC
2024, Oct 21 —This article presents the different types of crypto wallets (hot, warm, cold) and their associated risks
2024, Oct 15 —This article presents the different types of crypto wallets (hot, warm, cold) and their associated risks
2024, Oct 08 —This article is an introduction to the core concept around Solana,Solana Account Mode, Accounts and programs on Solana, Transactions and Instructions, Program Derived Address, Cross Program Invocation
2024, Sep 19 —This article presents the architecture and the behavior of Compound V2, a DeFi protocol on Ethereum for supplying or borrowing assets
2024, Aug 27 —Basic Security tips to write Secure Solana Programs, based on School of Solana Season 5 by Ackee Blockchain Security
2024, Aug 20 —list of influential figures who have had a significant impact on the cryptocurrency and blockchain ecosystem, through their innovation, investment, research or their own company.
2024, Aug 13 —Bulletproofs are efficient and compact zero-knowledge proofs. They're enhancing privacy and scalability in blockchain systems by reducing data size and verification time.
2024, Aug 13 —Size Protocol is a credit marketplace with unified liquidity across maturities. This article presents the liquidation function. This analyze has been done for the Code4Arena contest.
2024, Jul 15 —Representation of fungible tokens in the various existing blockchains. On Ethereum, its largest representative is the ERC-20 standard.
2024, Jul 12 —This article is a summary of the main concepts behind Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP).
2024, Jun 17 —Overview of the main development frameworks to build zero-knowledge system which Plonky2(Polygon), Halo2(Zcash), Boojum (Matter Labs),...
2024, Jun 10 —Presentation of Winternitz One-Time Signature (W-OST), a post quantum algorithm which relies on hash function (e.g SHA-256)
2024, May 30 —This article presents the oracle implementation from Renzo made during the code4Arena contest
2024, May 30 —Presentation of the hash function Pedersen, which is efficient for zero-knowledge circuits (e.g. zk-SNARK)
2024, May 07 —Solidity Interview Questions - Advanced, answers from the article - Solidity Interview Questions- by RareSkills.
2024, May 06 —This article presents the liquidation function from the Dyad Stablecoin made during the code4Arena contest
2024, May 02 —This article presents the reasoning to build a blockchain oracle providing external information (e.g. price of an asset) to a smart contract.
2024, Apr 16 —Staking in Ethereum is a key functionality. This article explains the main concepts behind it - BLS signature, slashing, Withdrawal address,...
2024, Mar 28 —The Ethereum Dencun upgrade introduces the EIP-6780 which updates the opcode selfdestruct to deactivates the destruction of the contract, except if the contract is destructed in the same transaction as created.
2024, Mar 13 —Solidity Interview questions - Hard, answers from the article - Solidity Interview Questions- by RareSkills.
2024, Mar 04 —Solidity Interview questions - Medium, answers from the article - Solidity Interview Questions- by RareSkills.
2024, Feb 14 —Introduction to Arbitrum, an optimistic layer2 designed to scale Ethereum, and its ecosystem Arbitrum Nova, Orbit and One.
2024, Jan 31 —This article lists and describes the main concepts behind the Lightning Network (LN), a layer-2 built on the Bitcoin blockchain.
2023, Dec 21 —MakerDAO is a DAO managing and issuing the stablecoin DAI, which is designed to maintain a 1:1 peg with the US Dollar.
2023, Nov 21 —Arweave is a network acting as a decentralized storage layer to upload files permanently with a single payment.
2023, Nov 14 —This article describes the challenge NotSuchSolidIT of Insomni'hack 2023
2023, Nov 08 —This article summarizes the main and easier tricks to save gas with Solidity.
2023, Sep 26 —This article is a summary of the main concepts behind the EIP-4844:Proto-Danksharding where the main goal is to scale Ethereum using Blob.
2023, Sep 26 —Become a master of Blockchain and Crypto by following these free online courses
2023, Sep 01 —Learn LIGO for Tezos by following the chapters 1-12 of the Tezos Academy, a fun interactive tutorial
2023, Aug 11 —This article focuses on the different secrets available on Metamask, one of the most used crypto wallets.
2023, Jul 20 —This article presents some very interesting tools to perform an analyze of a smart contract written in Solidity and generate the documentation.
2023, Jun 03 —This articles describes a correspondence table between the smart contract languages Solidity (Ethereum) and SmartPy / Python (Tezos).
2023, Jun 02 —This article is a summary of all commands of the tutorial "Creating an NFT with Solmate" offered by Foundry
2022, Dec 20 —This article summarizes the main hacks that took place during the month of October 2022 in the DeFi ecosystem.
2022, Dec 11 —Summary of the most important points to think and check to program proxy contracts on Ethereum, with a focus on the OpenZeppelin library.
2022, Oct 31 —There are different way to indicate the solidity version of the compiler. This article presents the advantages and disadvantages of each
2022, Oct 29 —This tutorial present the different steps to create a multi signature wallet with Gnosis Safe on Ethereum.
2022, Aug 12 —This article is an introduction to the Solana ecosystem, the Solana Tool Suite and the spl-token command-line utility.
2022, Aug 06 —