Ethereum from the execution layer up: gas mechanics, staking, and the EIPs that changed how contracts behave.
Account abstraction gets the heaviest coverage, from ERC-4337 bundlers and paymasters to EIP-7702 and the smart wallet implementations built on them, alongside the token standards most applications are assembled from.
91 posts
EIP-1153 from the spec to solc: measured lock gas, flags that outlive a call, the Startale drain and a solc via-IR bug, all reproduced with code.
2026, Nov 04 —
RLP and SSZ compared byte by byte on a real mainnet block: decoder strictness, hash_tree_root, sizes, Solidity gas, and what is scheduled.
2026, Nov 04 —
Decode solc's CBOR trailer, recompute its IPFS CID, compare factory builds reliably and test a known compiler bug, with outputs from real runs.
2026, Nov 04 —
Each Ethereum block calls small assembly contracts from a reserved address. Beacon roots, block hashes, exit queues, fees and what integrators must check.
2026, Nov 04 —
How Ethereum picks a head with LMD GHOST and finalises it with Casper FFG, read from the current spec functions and checked with a simulation.
2026, Nov 04 —
EIP-4788 beacon proofs depend on container layout: why Electra broke hardcoded gindices, what a stale proof verifies, and how to design for Gloas.
2026, Nov 04 —
Shapella (April 2023) unlocked staking withdrawals with EIP-4895 and changed the EVM with PUSH0, an initcode limit and a warm COINBASE.
2026, Oct 23 —
How The Merge replaced proof of work with proof of stake in 2022: EIP-3675, PREVRANDAO, Bellatrix, the Engine API and what changed for contracts.
2026, Oct 23 —
Glamsterdam, live on Sepolia since October 2026, brings enshrined PBS, block-level access lists, state gas and 64 KiB contracts. All 18 EIPs explained.
2026, Oct 23 —
How Ethereum charges gas, why a transaction cannot exceed 16,777,216 gas since Fusaka, and how Glamsterdam's state gas changes the limit.
2026, Oct 23 —
Fusaka's 13 EIPs grouped by topic: PeerDAS data sampling, blob-only forks, the 16,777,216 gas cap, CLZ, MODEXP limits and the P-256 precompile.
2026, Oct 23 —
The nine EIPs of Ethereum's Dencun upgrade (March 2024): blobs and their fee market, transient storage, MCOPY, SELFDESTRUCT and beacon roots.
2026, Oct 23 —
How Ethereum's gas rules changed from Frontier to Glamsterdam, the attacks and design choices behind each change, and what they broke.
2026, Oct 23 —
Why a contract receiving ETH through transfer or send gets exactly 2,300 gas, how five hard forks changed what fits in it, and what replaces it.
2026, Oct 23 —
Liquity V2 (BOLD) from its code, audits and whitepaper: user-set rates, redemptions by rate, batches, zombie troves, shutdown, and code-vs-paper gaps.
2026, Oct 22 —
Liquity V1 from its contracts: interest-free LUSD loans at 110%, Stability Pool liquidations, redistribution, redemptions, baseRate fees and Recovery Mode.
2026, Oct 22 —
Polaris from its docs and bonding-curve code: pETH and its rising floor, fpETH/vpETH, non-liquidatable Reserve Loans, USDp markets and POLAR.
2026, Oct 21 —
How Stellar Classic assets work (trustlines, issuer flags, clawback), how they map to ERC-20 and ERC-7943, and when to move to SEP-8 or a SEP-41 token.
2026, Oct 15 —
Analysing a Morpho vault entered through Zama: who bears a loss, the two exits and their delay, contagion through markets and decryption, what stays public.
2026, Oct 11 —
Measuring the risk of Ethena's USDe and sUSDe: backing by exchange, reserve fund, depeg priors, a venue failure and negative funding on a leveraged PT loop.
2026, Oct 11 —
Morpho Vault V2 from its source code: adapters and id-based caps, curator timelocks, maxRate and fee accounting, gates, and in-kind exits with forceDeallocate.
2026, Oct 10 —
What a Morpho Vault V2 adapter is, the rules it must follow, the three adapters in the code, and how MorphoVaultV1Adapter lets a V2 vault hold a V1 vault.
2026, Oct 10 —
MetaMorpho, Morpho's first vault, read from its v1.0 and v1.1 source: queues, supply caps, one timelock, the guardian, lostAssets, and what Vault V2 changes.
2026, Oct 10 —
Morpho Blue from its source code: five-parameter markets, share accounting, interest, the LLTV-based liquidation bonus, bad debt, callbacks and flash loans.
2026, Oct 10 —
An Aztec test failed on a tagging-secret assertion. The obvious explanation fitted every symptom and was wrong: the chain had never advanced at all.
2026, Sep 23 —
Three Bio EVM launchpad audit bugs, with code: a vesting duration passed as a timestamp, a one-wei donation that bricks a launch, a transfer that burns claims.
2026, Sep 22 —
How Bio Protocol funds biotech on-chain: USDC Ignition Sales, veBIO and BioXP allocation, a 1 % swap tax, and its audited token, vesting and airdrop contracts.
2026, Sep 18 —
On Aztec a private function's gate count is proving time on the user's device: kernel overhead, budgets, deliveries, reads, and seven measured optimisations.
2026, Sep 18 —
An Aztec wallet is a key store, a private-state database, a prover and a dApp gateway in one: components, build order, traps, and the wallets that exist today.
2026, Sep 17 —
Every random value in an Aztec contract comes from one unconstrained oracle backed by the client's CSPRNG: what it blinds, its limits, and why that is safe.
2026, Sep 17 —
Every private note on Aztec is encrypted with a one-shot ECDH key on Grumpkin: how it is made, what the ciphertext holds, and why it is not post-quantum.
2026, Sep 17 —
A derived Packable spends one Field per member. Packing two bools into one saves a slot or a note-hash input, can cost gates, and moves every slot after it.
2026, Sep 16 —
Aztec contracts cannot inherit. What a contract module must own, what a Noir library can hold, and how a trait replaces virtual methods, on a two-variant token.
2026, Sep 15 —
A private Aztec function cannot read a public flag. DelayedPublicMutable allows it, at the price of a delay that also caps how long the transaction stays valid.
2026, Sep 14 —
Aztec's ERC equivalents share one design: a private note balance and a public balance per account, transfers named by domain, authwits instead of approve.
2026, Sep 11 —
AIP-20 gives each account a private note balance and a public one, swaps approve for authwits and reverts on shortfall. ERC-7984 hides amounts, never reverts.
2026, Sep 11 —
How Circle's UpgradableMSCA implements an ERC-6900 modular account: validation entities, hook ordering, ERC-7201 storage, and the factory that deploys it.
2026, Sep 09 —
A line-by-line reading of Circle's SponsorPaymaster, the ERC-4337 v0.7 verifying paymaster behind gasless Circle wallets, and the design choices behind it.
2026, Sep 09 —
Aztec has no EOAs and no protocol signature scheme, so account validation is proved on the user's device. What that changes against ERC-4337, and what it costs.
2026, Sep 09 —
Aztec runs private functions on the user's device and public ones on the sequencer. Notes, nullifiers, what a transaction still leaks, and four rival designs.
2026, Sep 08 —
A technical walkthrough of Centrifuge V3 vaults - the ERC-7540 request lifecycle, the pool escrow reservation model, the pricing and rounding rules, and the transfer hook.
2026, Aug 18 —
How Centrifuge implements real double-entry accounting in Solidity - debit-normal accounts, balanced journals, cross-chain snapshots, and the NAV and share price derived from them.
2026, Aug 18 —
A comparison of two enforcement architectures for regulated tokens - Centrifuge's single swappable hook with packed eligibility data, and ERC-3643's identity registry plus compliance modules.
2026, Aug 18 —
How Rundler implements an ERC-4337 bundler in Rust — the Pool, Builder and RPC tasks, mempool simulation and reputation, the bundle sender state machine, gas estimation, signature aggregation and multi-entry-point support.
2026, Jul 30 —
A walkthrough of Alchemy's ERC-4337 stack — Modular Account V2 and its semi-modular variants, validation selection through the UserOperation nonce, deferred actions, session-key permission modules, the Rundler bundler, and the hosted Wallet APIs.
2026, Jul 30 —
How Medusa fuzzes Solidity contracts. Architecture, the corpus and coverage feedback loop, assertion, property and optimization tests, and a step-by-step setup on a real project.
2026, Jul 28 —
How the Gnosis Conditional Tokens contracts model prediction markets, why collection identifiers are elliptic curve points on alt_bn128, and what the 2019 audit found.
2026, Jul 28 —
How the ERC-4337 SenderCreator contract deploys smart accounts on behalf of the EntryPoint, how third parties read counterfactual addresses through getSenderAddress, and what changed across EntryPoint v0.6 to v0.9.
2026, Jul 23 —
A technical survey of the Ethereum ERC standards for AI agents, from ERC-8004 Trustless Agents to verification, coordination, commerce, and verifiable ML inference.
2026, Jul 06 —
A technical deep dive into ERC-8004 Trustless Agents - its three registries for agent identity, reputation and validation, the pluggable trust models, and how the standard is being deployed.
2026, Jul 06 —
A technical comparison of Solidity modifier patterns — inline, wrapped function, and no-modifier — analyzing gas costs, bytecode size impact, auditability, and conventions across major codebases.
2026, Feb 18 —
Understanding the dual nonce system in ERC-4337 smart wallets, the differences between CREATE and CREATE2 for contract deployment, and the pitfalls encountered with EIP-7702 delegation.
2026, Feb 17 —
A practical security analysis of EIP-7702 smart wallets covering initialization front-running, access control, signature replay, dual nonce systems, and residual risks inherent to EOA code delegation.
2026, Feb 17 —
USD₮0 is an Omnichain Fungible Token (OFT) built on LayerZero, enabling cross-chain transfers of USDT. Learn how USD₮0 works, its architecture, and the Legacy Mesh that connects existing USDT networks.
2025, Nov 07 —
Initially established as core contributors to the Sky (f.k.a. MakerDAO) ecosystem, Steakhouse has gone on to become a curator and DeFi advisory firm working with some of the largest protocols, including Lido, Morpho, Ethena, ENS, Arbitrum, and more.
2025, Nov 06 —
Cryptocurrency exchanges play a pivotal role in the digital asset ecosystem, serving as platforms for on-ramp, trading, storing, and converting cryptocurrencies. As central nodes in a highly valuable and rapidly evolving industry, these exchanges are frequent targets for cyberattacks and financial fraud.
2025, Nov 06 —
Aztec L2 enables private, composable smart contracts on Ethereum using zero-knowledge proofs and hybrid public/private state.
2025, Oct 29 —
RAILGUN brings full privacy to DeFi using zk-SNARK cryptography, shielding senders, recipients, and tokens for untraceable blockchain transactions.
2025, Oct 28 —
This article presents the differences between abi.encode, abi.encodePacked, and abi.encodeWithSignature in Solidity. Use cases, examples, and security tips.
2025, Jul 29 —
This article explores data structures in OpenZeppelin Contracts v5, including EnumerableSet, DoubleEndedQueue, CircularBuffer, Checkpoints, Heap, and MerkleTree.
2025, Jul 29 —
Automated Market Makers (AMMs) are an essential piece of decentralized finance (DeFi). This article covers the most commonly used formulas in AMM design, their benefits, and their limitations.
2025, Jul 29 —
This article analyze the features, architecture, and implications of the Solidity version deployed on Ethereum mainet, especially from a security, centralization, and functional standpoint.
2025, Jul 06 —
This EIP adds a new EIP-2718 transaction type that allows Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs) to set the code in their account.
2025, May 09 —
This article presents the different standards to represent cross-chain token on Ethereum and EVM blockchain, notably ERC-7281(xERC20) & ERC-7802
2025, May 07 —
The EIPs of Ethereum's Pectra upgrade (May 2025): EIP-7702 delegation, 2,048 ETH validators, on-chain deposits, more blobs and the calldata floor.
2025, May 02 —
This article presents a global overview of ERC-4337 which offers Account Abstraction on Ethereum using Alt Mempool and an entrypoint.
2025, May 02 —
Discover how Multicall enables batch execution of smart contract calls, when to use CALL vs DELEGATECALL, and how contract interactions differ from EOAs.
2025, Apr 03 —
This article presents a global overview of ERC-721 standard (NFT), covering its core functions, metadata, and security best practices and to build it with OpenZeppelin.
2025, Mar 03 —
Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) enable unique, verifiable ownership of digital and real-world items on the blockchain. While ERC-721 remains the main standard to represent NFTs on Ethereum and EVM blockchains, several other standards (ERC-1155, ERC-2981, ERC-4907,...) have emerged to meet various use cases and improve functionality.
2025, Jan 14 —
Virtuals Protocol is a co-ownership layer for AI agents in gaming and entertainment. These agents can operate across a wide range of applications and games, significantly expanding their revenue surface area. AI agents can be to be tokenized and co-owned via blockchain.
2024, Dec 05 —
Farcaster is a sufficiently decentralized social network built on Ethereum. It is a public social network similar to Twitter and Reddit. Users can create profiles, share posts known as "casts," and follow others. Users have full ownership of their accounts and connections, allowing them the freedom to transition between different apps.
2024, Dec 05 —
Size Protocol is a credit marketplace with unified liquidity across maturities. This article presents the liquidation function. This analyze has been done for the Code4Arena contest.
2024, Jul 15 —
Representation of fungible tokens in the various existing blockchains. On Ethereum, its largest representative is the ERC-20 standard.
2024, Jul 12 —
This article presents the oracle implementation from Renzo made during the code4Arena contest
2024, May 30 —
Solidity Interview Questions - Advanced, answers from the article - Solidity Interview Questions- by RareSkills.
2024, May 06 —
This article presents the liquidation function from the Dyad Stablecoin made during the code4Arena contest
2024, May 02 —
This article presents the reasoning to build a blockchain oracle providing external information (e.g. price of an asset) to a smart contract.
2024, Apr 16 —
Staking in Ethereum is a key functionality. This article explains the main concepts behind it - BLS signature, slashing, Withdrawal address,...
2024, Mar 28 —
The Ethereum Dencun upgrade introduces the EIP-6780 which updates the opcode selfdestruct to deactivates the destruction of the contract, except if the contract is destructed in the same transaction as created.
2024, Mar 13 —
Solidity Interview questions - Hard, answers from the article - Solidity Interview Questions- by RareSkills.
2024, Mar 04 —
Solidity Interview questions - Medium, answers from the article - Solidity Interview Questions- by RareSkills.
2024, Feb 14 —
Introduction to Arbitrum, an optimistic layer2 designed to scale Ethereum, and its ecosystem Arbitrum Nova, Orbit and One.
2024, Jan 31 —
MakerDAO is a DAO managing and issuing the stablecoin DAI, which is designed to maintain a 1:1 peg with the US Dollar.
2023, Nov 21 —
This article describes the challenge NotSuchSolidIT of Insomni'hack 2023
2023, Nov 08 —
This article summarizes the main and easier tricks to save gas with Solidity.
2023, Sep 26 —
This article is a summary of the main concepts behind the EIP-4844:Proto-Danksharding where the main goal is to scale Ethereum using Blob.
2023, Sep 26 —
This article presents some very interesting tools to perform an analyze of a smart contract written in Solidity and generate the documentation.
2023, Jun 03 —
This articles describes a correspondence table between the smart contract languages Solidity (Ethereum) and SmartPy / Python (Tezos).
2023, Jun 02 —
This article is a summary of all commands of the tutorial "Creating an NFT with Solmate" offered by Foundry
2022, Dec 20 —
Summary of the most important points to think and check to program proxy contracts on Ethereum, with a focus on the OpenZeppelin library.
2022, Oct 31 —
