General programming and systems work that does not belong to a single protocol: embedded memory protection on an STM32, concurrency and monitors, Node.js and JavaScript, C language vulnerabilities, debugging with GCC and GDB, and virtualisation tooling.
The older articles here are in French; the more recent ones are in English.
62 posts
MIT 6.0002 lecture 4: predictive nondeterminism, probability as counting, the independence trap, simulated dice and birthdays, and seeded pseudo-random numbers.
2026, Oct 26 —
How one random sample gives a confidence interval for a population mean, using the standard error σ/√n, the sample SD as a proxy, and MIT 6.0002 code.
2026, Oct 26 —
MIT 6.0002 Lecture 5 in Python: Location, Field and Drunk classes, a sanity check that caught a bug, and why a random walk drifts √n away on average.
2026, Oct 26 —
Monte Carlo simulation with roulette: exact returns of 0, -1/37 and -2/38, the law of large numbers, and 95 % confidence intervals from the empirical rule.
2026, Oct 26 —
Graphs as models, adjacency lists in Python, and why breadth-first search finds the fewest-edge path but not the cheapest weighted one.
2026, Oct 26 —
Normal densities, the empirical rule checked by integration, the central limit theorem, a Monte Carlo estimate of pi, and what a 95 % interval means.
2026, Oct 26 —
Inside the MCP Python SDK v2 server: MCPServer, the low-level Server, the dispatcher and runner kernel, the transports, and the security controls and gaps.
2026, Oct 19 —
Charrette's architecture explained: the plan loop, the tracker protocol, the orchestrator mandate, the aiview viewer, the swarm board and the release mechanics.
2026, Oct 13 —
Dijkstra and Bellman-Ford both relax edges to find shortest paths. They differ in negative weights, complexity, cycle detection and routing use.
2026, Oct 05 —Why a Mermaid diagram renders on github.com but not on a GitHub Pages site, and a working test page covering flowcharts, sequence diagrams and theme switching.
2026, Sep 29 —
How a system call crosses from user space to the kernel (svc, syscall number, ABI registers), how compiler and linker build an ELF image, and what a process is.
2026, Sep 16 —
The five process states and their transitions, what a thread owns and shares, the TCB, pthread_create/join/exit, and why two threads on a counter lose updates.
2026, Sep 16 —
What a Process Control Block holds, how fork(), exec(), waitpid() and exit() create, replace and reap processes, and what a context switch costs the kernel.
2026, Sep 16 —
How descriptor tables point into the kernel open-file table, what dup2() redirects, the IPC families, and how pipe(), fork() and exec() build ls | more.
2026, Sep 16 —
What STM32L4 readout protection, write protection, the hardware firewall, PCROP, OTP and flash ECC actually do, how a shipping product combines them, and where each one stops helping.
2026, Jul 31 —
How Rundler implements an ERC-4337 bundler in Rust — the Pool, Builder and RPC tasks, mempool simulation and reputation, the bundle sender state machine, gas estimation, signature aggregation and multi-entry-point support.
2026, Jul 30 —
How ISO 20022 models bank guarantees and standby letters of credit through the tsrv business area, covering the issuance, amendment, demand, and termination of an undertaking between applicant, guarantor, advising party, and beneficiary.
2026, Jul 17 —
How ISO 20022 modelled the Bank Payment Obligation and the Trade Services Utility through the tsmt business area, covering the baseline, data set matching, status management, and reporting that drive a conditional interbank payment obligation.
2026, Jul 17 —
How ISO 20022 models the corporate-to-bank front end of trade finance through the tsin business area, covering invoice financing, invoice assignment for factoring, party registration and guarantee, and undertaking applications.
2026, Jul 17 —
How ISO 20022 models the management of payment terminals through the catm business area, covering status reporting, management plans, configuration updates, maintenance delegation, and certificate management between a terminal and its management system.
2026, Jul 17 —
An overview of ISO 20022 as a whole, tying together its methodology, message identifier, and Business Application Header with a map of its business areas across payments, securities, cards, trade finance, FX, regulatory, and reference data.
2026, Jul 17 —
How ISO 20022 models card settlement reporting through the casr business area, a two-message request-and-response pair that reports settlement positions and totals between card parties on the same protected envelope as the transaction messages.
2026, Jul 17 —
How ISO 20022 models securities settlement through the sese business area, from the settlement instruction and its matching, status, and confirmation at a CSD to securities financing, transfers, and the CSDR buy-in advice.
2026, Jul 17 —
A tour of ISO 20022's semt (securities management) business area, the custody reporting layer that carries holdings statements, transaction statements, intra-position movements, penalties, and account queries between an account owner and its custodian or CSD.
2026, Jul 17 —
A tour of ISO 20022's seev (securities events) business area, covering corporate actions, general meetings and proxy voting, shareholder identification, market claims, and buyer protection across the custody chain.
2026, Jul 17 —
How ISO 20022 models securities clearing through the secl business area, from trade leg notification and netting to margin, default fund, and buy-in messaging exchanged between a CCP and its clearing members.
2026, Jul 17 —
How ISO 20022 models the interface between a retailer's sale system and its payment terminal through the casp business area, covering the service, session, device, reconciliation, and reporting messages of the sale-to-POI protocol.
2026, Jul 17 —
A tour of ISO 20022's reda (reference data) business area, the messages that create, maintain, query, and report the static data behind transactions, from securities, parties, and accounts to standing settlement instructions, calendars, and prices.
2026, Jul 17 —
How ISO 20022 models interbank payments through the pacs business area, the flagship of the MT-to-MX migration, covering the FIToFI credit transfer, direct debit, payment status, return, and reversal messages that move money between banks.
2026, Jul 17 —
How ISO 20022 models card network management through the canm business area, a four-message set that keeps the link between a terminal and its acquirer host signed on, keyed, and alive so that card transactions can flow.
2026, Jul 17 —
How ISO 20022 models the foreign exchange post-trade process through the fxtr business area, covering trade capture, confirmation and matching, status notification, and net settlement reporting between counterparties and their matching and settlement services.
2026, Jul 17 —
How ISO 20022 models card fraud reporting through the cafr business area, a compact four-message set that lets card parties report fraudulent transactions and communicate their disposition in a structured, machine-readable form.
2026, Jul 17 —
How ISO 20022 models card fee collection through the cafc business area, a two-message request-and-response pair that collects scheme and service fees between card parties on the same protected envelope as the transaction messages.
2026, Jul 17 —
How ISO 20022 models collateral management through the colr business area, from margin call and collateral proposal to substitution, interest, disputes, and triparty processing between two counterparties and their custodian.
2026, Jul 17 —
A guided tour of ISO 20022's camt (cash management) business area, from the camt.052/053/054 reporting trio that replaces SWIFT MT940/942/900/910 to payment cancellation, investigations, liquidity, and market-infrastructure query messages.
2026, Jul 17 —
What the ISO 20022 Business Application Header (head.001) is and why it matters, covering the routing envelope that accompanies every business message, its fields, its signature, and the head.002 business file header that groups many messages.
2026, Jul 17 —
A guided tour of ISO 20022's auth (authorities) business area, the regulatory-reporting messages that carry MiFIR, EMIR, SFTR, money-market, CCP, and settlement-fails data from firms and infrastructures to their competent authorities.
2026, Jul 17 —
How ISO 20022 models the management of automated teller machines through the caam business area, covering device control, key download, diagnostics, configuration, reconciliation, and exception handling between an ATM and its manager.
2026, Jul 17 —
How ISO 20022 models ATM card transactions through the catp business area, covering the withdrawal, deposit, transfer, inquiry and PIN management flows between an ATM and its host, and the message-level encryption and MAC that protect them.
2026, Jul 17 —
How ISO 20022 models the acquirer-to-issuer card rails through the cain business area, the modern successor to ISO 8583, covering authorisation, clearing, reversal, retrieval, and chargeback between an acquirer and an issuer.
2026, Jul 17 —
How ISO 20022 models the merchant-terminal-to-acquirer leg of a card payment through the caaa business area, covering authorisation, completion, cancellation, reconciliation, currency conversion, and batch transfer.
2026, Jul 17 —
A technical walkthrough of the three ways to issue a fungible token on Stellar, the architecture of the OpenZeppelin stellar-tokens library, and a compile-verified SEP-41 contract from cargo new to a funded testnet deployment.
2026, Jul 09 —
A hypergraph is a generalization of a graph where an edge may connect any number of vertices, not just two.
2025, Nov 25 —
Learn what a Merkle DAG is and how it used in distributed systems like IPFS and Git. This overview explains the structure, key benefits, and use cases of Merkle DAGs in content-addressed storage and version control.
2025, Apr 09 —
List the must useful commands, for my daily work, with git.
2024, Apr 15 —
This article compares a sorted array and its unsorted version to stores data represented by numbers.
2023, Jan 06 —
This article presents some principles to respect when you create unit testing (DRY test, KISS, SRP and Yagni).
2022, Oct 27 —
Pandas est une librairie python permettant de faire de l'analyse de donnée. Elle est beaucoup utilisée pour traiter les données dans le cadre du Machine Learning.
2022, Mar 07 —
Cet article explique l'implémentation des courbes elliptiques avec la librairie SageMath, par exemple la définition et l'addition des points sur une courbe.
2022, Feb 27 —
Résumé des différentes possibilités pour lire un fichier JSON avec Node.JS.
2022, Jan 01 —
Présentation et implémentation de websockets avec express-ws
2021, Nov 14 —
Lancer une nouvelle activité et récupérer son résultat
2021, Nov 14 —
Cet article présente les quelques astuces de bases pour configurer et modifier le design de son application Android (texte à afficher, multilingue, image, etc.)
2021, Oct 10 —
Cet article résume les principales notions et algorithmes utilisés permettant de calculer l'arbre couvrant de poids minimum (ACM) / Minimum Spanning Tree(MST).
2021, Aug 22 —
Cet article introduit l'utilisation des wrappers de fonctions en c++, apparu avec C++11. Le concept sera vu à travers l'implémentation d'un dictionnaire et le wrapper std::function.
2021, Aug 13 —
Cet article décrit différentes façons de convertir des données représentées dans des formats différents en python, par exemple des bytes en int
2021, Aug 05 —
Node.JS est un environnement d’exécution (runtime) en Javascript permettant d'exécuter du javascript côté serveur. Il possède un grand nombre de paquets pouvant être installés avec le gestionnaire de package npm.
2021, Jul 11 —
Cet article présente une liste de vulnérabilités (CWE 121, CWE 122, etc.) et menaces potentielles avec le langage C afin de sensibiliser les programmeurs.
2021, Jun 22 —
Cet article présente les moniteurs de Hoare et de Mesa, ainsi que leur utilisation avec la librairie PcoSyncro. Les moniteurs permettent de synchroniser des ressources mises en concurrence entre plusieurs threads qui veulent y accéder.
2021, Jun 01 —
Cet article est un tutoriel pour augmenter l'espace de stockage d'une machine virtuelle avec le logiciel de virtualisation VirtualBox.
2021, May 11 —
