DeFi

The Hyperliquid Protocol - HyperCore, HyperEVM and Onchain Perpetual Mechanics

How Hyperliquid runs a native order book and an EVM under one HyperBFT consensus, and how its margining, oracles, liquidations and HIP standards work.

2026, Sep 02 —

Hyperliquid's Onchain Order Book - Matching, Ordering, and How It Differs from a CEX and from GMX

How HyperCore matches orders inside consensus state, why cancels beat aggressive orders in a block, and how that compares with a CEX engine, dYdX v4 and GMX.

2026, Sep 02 —

The Hyperliquid Oracle - How Validator Medians Become Mark Price, Funding and Liquidation

Hyperliquid's oracle is a stake-weighted median of validator medians, published every three seconds. Which price drives funding, margin and liquidation.

2026, Sep 02 —

The Hyperliquid Improvement Proposals - HIP-1 to HIP-4

HIP-1 tokens, HIP-2 Hyperliquidity, HIP-3 builder-deployed perps and HIP-4 outcome markets, with the stakes, auctions and slashing rules that gate each one.

2026, Sep 02 —

Fluid on Solana — Porting a Liquidity Layer from the EVM to the SVM

Fluid's liquidity layer runs on Solana as Jupiter Lend. A read of its Anchor programs, from balance-delta deposits and tick PDAs to introspected flash loans.

2026, Aug 26 —

How Centrifuge Vaults Work — Asynchronous ERC-7540 Investment on a Hub-and-Spoke Protocol

A technical walkthrough of Centrifuge V3 vaults - the ERC-7540 request lifecycle, the pool escrow reservation model, the pricing and rounding rules, and the transfer hook.

2026, Aug 18 —

Double-Entry Bookkeeping On-Chain — How the Centrifuge Hub Keeps a Multi-Chain Pool's Books

How Centrifuge implements real double-entry accounting in Solidity - debit-normal accounts, balanced journals, cross-chain snapshots, and the NAV and share price derived from them.

2026, Aug 18 —

Two Ways to Build a Permissioned Token — Centrifuge's Transfer Hook Against ERC-3643

A comparison of two enforcement architectures for regulated tokens - Centrifuge's single swappable hook with packed eligibility data, and ERC-3643's identity registry plus compliance modules.

2026, Aug 18 —

Centrifuge Cross-Chain Messaging — Per-Pool Adapter Quorums, Batching and Failure Recovery

How Centrifuge routes messages between chains - per-pool adapter sets, an n-of-m vote counter that tolerates duplicates, transient batching, gas subsidies, and the recovery paths.

2026, Aug 18 —

Cross-Chain Bridge Threat Model - Assets, Trust Boundaries, STRIDE and Threat Register

A structured OWASP threat model for cross-chain bridges, built from the Ronin 2022, Poly Network 2023, Ronin 2024 and Kelp DAO 2026 incidents, covering assets, trust boundaries, STRIDE analysis, an attack tree and a prioritised threat register.

2026, Jul 31 —

Cross-Chain Bridge Hacks - Ten Incidents, Five Failure Classes

A comparative analysis of ten major cross-chain bridge exploits between 2021 and 2026, grouped into five failure classes, covering the architecture of each bridge, the root cause of each failure, and the destination of the stolen funds.

2026, Jul 31 —

Gnosis Conditional Tokens — Combinatorial Prediction Markets on ERC-1155

How the Gnosis Conditional Tokens contracts model prediction markets, why collection identifiers are elliptic curve points on alt_bn128, and what the 2019 audit found.

2026, Jul 28 —

Betting Stickers at the School Fair — How Prediction Market Tokens Work, Explained for a 10-Year-Old

A simple guide to conditional tokens, the stickers that turn into money once a question is answered. Explained with a school fair prize shop, a locked money box, and a clever way of naming things.

2026, Jul 28 —

The Unified Risk Layer for DeFi - From Price Oracles to Protocol-Owned Risk Oracles

Why DeFi needs a unified risk layer above the price oracle stack, how Aave evolved from governance to risk oracles, and how protocol-owned risk infrastructure prices Pendle PT tokens.

2026, Jul 02 —

Insuring Composable DeFi - First-Loss Capital Along the Attack Graph

How to insure composable DeFi more efficiently by placing first-loss capital along the attack graph (bridges, oracles, signers) instead of only at protocol endpoints.

2026, Jul 02 —

Zero-Knowledge Proof Hacks — A Documented Record of Exploits and Vulnerabilities (2023–2026)

A chronological record of confirmed hacks, disclosed vulnerabilities, and bug bounties in zero-knowledge proof protocols from 2023 to 2026, with technical root cause analysis for each incident.

2026, Jun 19 —

Zero-Knowledge Proof Failures in Cross-Chain Bridges — Exploits, Vulnerabilities, and Bug Bounties

An analysis of security incidents in ZK-rollup bridges from 2023 to 2026, covering confirmed exploits, circuit-level vulnerability disclosures, and bug bounties targeting ZK withdrawal and settlement mechanisms.

2026, Jun 19 —

Hash Time-Locked Contracts — From First Principles to Garden Finance's Cross-Chain Bridge

A deep-dive into Hash Time-Locked Contracts (HTLCs) - how they work cryptographically, how Garden Finance uses them for a trustless Bitcoin bridge, and the threat model behind the protocol.

2026, May 11 —

Integrating Pyth Network Price Feeds — A Security-Focused Guide

Learn how to integrate Pyth Network pull oracle price feeds in Solidity and Solana programs, with a deep focus on security pitfalls — staleness, confidence intervals, fixed-point math, and adversarial selection.

2026, Mar 13 —

ERC-20 Implementation Comparison — OpenZeppelin, Solady, and Solarity Solidity Library

A technical comparison of ERC-20 token implementations across OpenZeppelin Contracts, Solady, and Solarity solidity-lib. Covers features, gas efficiency, architecture, extensibility, and selection criteria.

2026, Feb 13 —

Traditional Futures vs. Perpetual Futures: A Technical Comparison

A technical comparison of traditional futures and crypto perpetual futures, covering no-arbitrage pricing, mark-to-market settlement, the funding rate mechanism, and liquidation.

2025, Dec 29 —

Automated Market Makers (AMMs) - Overview

Automated Market Makers (AMMs) are an essential piece of decentralized finance (DeFi). This article covers the most commonly used formulas in AMM design, their benefits, and their limitations.

2025, Jul 29 —

Tether USDT smart contract - Overview

This article analyze the features, architecture, and implications of the Solidity version deployed on Ethereum mainet, especially from a security, centralization, and functional standpoint.

2025, Jul 06 —

10 Key Differences Between MakerDAO and Liquity

Dives deep and explains how Liquity differs from Maker DAO.

2024, Dec 16 —

Virtual Protocol, create co-ownership AI agents

Virtuals Protocol is a co-ownership layer for AI agents in gaming and entertainment. These agents can operate across a wide range of applications and games, significantly expanding their revenue surface area. AI agents can be to be tokenized and co-owned via blockchain.

2024, Dec 05 —

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