Ryan S.
Ryan S.
Security engineer | Blockchain Developer

Blog specialized on Security, Crypto and blockchain.

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2026 © Ryan S.

    A Test That Could Never Pass — An Aztec End-to-End Failure Three Layers from Its Cause

    A Test That Could Never Pass — An Aztec End-to-End Failure Three Layers from Its Cause

    An Aztec test failed on a tagging-secret assertion. The cause was a Jest timeout smaller than the sleep it guarded, and two unrelated changes that made it fatal.

    2026, Sep 23   —  15 minute read
    Cardano Smart Contracts in Twelve Cards — The Definitions to Memorise

    Cardano Smart Contracts in Twelve Cards — The Definitions to Memorise

    Twelve flashcards for Cardano smart contracts: UTXO, datum, redeemer, script context, validator, script address, minting policy, collateral and the eUTXO model.

    2026, Sep 22   —  11 minute read
    Three Launchpad Bugs from the Bio Protocol Solana Audits - Stranded Supply, Refund Races and Dust Denial of Service

    Three Launchpad Bugs from the Bio Protocol Solana Audits - Stranded Supply, Refund Races and Dust Denial of Service

    Three Bio Solana launchpad audit bugs, with code: sale tokens stranded by pro-rata claims, a revenue sweep that starves refunds, a u16 table filled for cents.

    2026, Sep 22   —  17 minute read
    Three Launchpad Bugs from the Bio Protocol EVM Audits - Units, Donations and Partial Claims

    Three Launchpad Bugs from the Bio Protocol EVM Audits - Units, Donations and Partial Claims

    Three Bio EVM launchpad audit bugs, with code: a vesting duration passed as a timestamp, a one-wei donation that bricks a launch, a transfer that burns claims.

    2026, Sep 22   —  19 minute read
    Inside the Zama KMS — Threshold Key Management for FHE, From MPC Protocol to Enclave Deployment

    Inside the Zama KMS — Threshold Key Management for FHE, From MPC Protocol to Enclave Deployment

    How the Zama KMS holds the FHE decryption key as 13 shares, what its gRPC operations do, how a node is built (core, connector, vaults, backups) and deployed in Nitro Enclaves.

    2026, Sep 18   —  20 minute read
    The Zama FHEVM Whitepaper — What It Specifies, and What the Code Does Differently

    The Zama FHEVM Whitepaper — What It Specifies, and What the Code Does Differently

    A reading of the Zama fhevm whitepaper (v3.1, June 2025) against the zama-ai/fhevm repository, with the changes the implementation has made since the paper was written.

    2026, Sep 18   —  25 minute read
    Zama FHEVM Architecture — Components, Data Flow and What Has to Be Trusted

    Zama FHEVM Architecture — Components, Data Flow and What Has to Be Trusted

    How the Zama Confidential Blockchain Protocol splits work between host contracts, coprocessors, a Gateway rollup and a threshold KMS, and which of them you trust.

    2026, Sep 18   —  22 minute read
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