Crypto Hacks of 2018 - Coincheck, BitGrail and the Year of Exchange Breaches

By Ryan S. · 2026, Oct 07

2018 began with the largest crypto theft on record at the time. On 26 January, about 523M NEM, worth about $534M, left the hot wallet of the Japanese exchange Coincheck. Two weeks later, the Italian exchange BitGrail announced it had lost about 17M Nano (~$170M). By the end of the year, CipherTrace counted about $950M stolen from exchanges and wallet infrastructure, nearly four times 2017’s figure, plus about $725M lost to exit scams. Coincheck alone accounts for more than half of the year’s thefts.

The year also brought the first large wave of token contract bugs: integer overflows in BeautyChain (BEC) and SmartMesh (SMT) minted astronomical amounts of tokens in April and led exchanges to suspend ERC-20 deposits. This article reviews the year with the method of the site’s crypto-hacks series: statistics computed from the SlowMist Hacked database, the trackers’ annual figures, official statements and analyses. Frauds such as BitConnect and Pincoin are kept out of the hack totals and listed separately. A companion article, The Technical Concepts Behind the 2018 Crypto Hacks, explains the mechanisms for smart-contract and exchange developers.

This article has been made with the help of Claude Code and several custom skills

Scope, sources and caveats

The article covers incidents from 1 January to 31 December 2018. No Telegram export of the CryptoAlertHack channel was available, and Rekt News did not exist yet. The figures need six caveats:

Token overflow mints are not dollar losses. SlowMist values BeautyChain at ~$1B and SmartMesh at ~$140M, but those are the paper values of tokens created from nothing, which were never sold. The incidents are covered in Token contract bugs and excluded from the dollar totals.
The Blockchain.info phishing campaign is not a 2018 theft. SlowMist lists it at ~$50M in February 2018, the month Cisco Talos disclosed it, but the campaign ran for about three years. It is excluded.
Frauds are not hacks. BitConnect, the Pincoin and iFan schemes in Vietnam (~$660M) and MapleChange (an exchange that claimed a hack and disappeared) are listed in Frauds and exit scams and not counted.
Some SlowMist amounts are wrong. MyEtherWallet’s DNS hijack is listed at ~$13M, but Cloudflare and The Register report about $150k; KICKICO is listed as “7,000 KICK” for about 70M KICK (~$7.7M). DeFiLlama lists a $235M “Gate” key compromise in April 2018 that matches no known incident; it is ignored.
BitGrail is a hack and a failure of the exchange. An Italian court found its owner negligent for not preventing a double-withdrawal bug and for delaying disclosure; it did not find fraud. It is counted as a hack.
USD values are approximate, valued at the time of each report.

2018 in numbers

The annual figures

Source	Stolen (approx. USD)	Scope	Notable split
CipherTrace (Q4 2018 report)	$950M	Exchanges and infrastructure	Up from ~$266M in 2017; ~$725M more in exit scams; total $1.7B (Reuters via Carrier Management)
DeFiLlama (computed)	~$889M	30 incidents	$1.12B as listed, including an unexplained $235M “Gate” row
SlowMist database (computed)	~$874M	79 incidents, 12 priced	~$861M with MyEtherWallet’s figure corrected
Group-IB	$882M	14 exchanges, 2017 to Q3 2018	Lazarus behind five attacks for ~$571M, including Coincheck
Chainalysis (Crypto Crime Report, Jan 2019)	~$1B over the groups’ lifetimes	Two hacking groups	At least 60% of publicly reported hacks (MIT Technology Review)
PeckShield	~400,000 EOS	EOS DApps, July to November	27 incidents in the first months of EOS mainnet

The trackers that exclude frauds converge on about $0.9B for the year. The UN Panel of Experts cited Group-IB’s figure of $571M stolen by North Korea from five Asian exchanges between January 2017 and September 2018, and listed the June 2018 Bithumb theft as a suspected North Korean attack in a later report. No government has attributed Coincheck officially.

Month by month

No monthly series from CertiK or PeckShield exists for 2018. The table gives SlowMist’s incident count and computed loss (overflow mints and the phishing campaign excluded) and DeFiLlama’s monthly sums without the unexplained Gate row.

Month	SlowMist incidents	SlowMist loss	DeFiLlama loss	Largest hack
January	2	~$534.4M	~$534.0M	Coincheck, BlackWallet
February	1	~$195.0M	~$170.0M	BitGrail
March	1	none priced	none	Binance phishing (trades reversed)
April	4	~$13.0M (MEW overstated)	~$3.3M	Coinsecure, MyEtherWallet; BEC and SMT mints
May	7	~$4.9M	~$19.8M	Bitcoin Gold, Verge, Taylor
June	4	~$67.8M	~$68.8M	Coinrail, Bithumb, ZenCash
July	4	none priced	~$31.2M	Bancor, KICKICO, EOS Fomo3D
August	3	none priced	none	Fomo3D round 1
September	9	~$59.0M	~$60.3M	Zaif, EOSBet
October	8	none priced	~$0.5M	Trade.io, EOSBet, SpankChain
November	16	~$0.01M	~$0.6M	Gate.io via StatCounter, Copay via event-stream, EOS DApps
December	20	~$0.1M	~$0.1M	EOS rollback attacks, Vertcoin

The year’s losses were front-loaded: Coincheck and BitGrail alone account for about 80% of the total. From August, the number of incidents grew as EOS gambling applications were attacked, but each was worth little in dollars.

pie showData
    title SlowMist hack losses by month, 2018, nominal mints excluded (USD million)
    "January" : 534.40
    "February" : 195.00
    "April" : 13.00
    "May" : 4.91
    "June" : 67.75
    "September" : 59.00
    "November" : 0.01
    "December" : 0.10

The largest incidents

Rank	Date	Incident	Category	Reported loss (approx. USD)	Root cause (summary)
1	26 Jan	Coincheck	CEX	$530M to $534M (523M NEM)	NEM held in a hot wallet without multisig; Lazarus (Group-IB)
2	Feb	BitGrail	CEX	$170M to $195M (17M Nano)	The exchange’s software could send the same withdrawal twice
3	14 Sep	Zaif	CEX	~$60M	Hot wallet holding BTC, MONA and BCH
4	10 Jun	Coinrail	CEX	$37M to $40M	“Network intrusion”; ICO tokens, partly frozen by issuers
5	20 Jun	Bithumb	CEX	~$31M	Hot wallet; suspected North Korea (UN)
6	9 Jul	Bancor	DEX	$23.5M gross, ~$13.5M net	Key of the wallet used to upgrade contracts; BNT frozen
7	16 to 19 May	Bitcoin Gold	L1	~$18M (388,201 BTG)	51% attack with double spends against exchanges
8	20 Oct	Trade.io	CEX	$7.5M to $8M (50M TIO)	“Cold” hardware wallet emptied
9	26 Jul	KICKICO	Token	~$7.7M (70M KICK, restored)	Owner key used to burn and re-mint tokens
10	Apr	Coinsecure	CEX	$3.3M to $3.5M (438 BTC)	Funds vanished during a key operation; the CSO was accused
11	Apr, May	Verge	L1	$1.75M to $4.8M	Timestamp spoofing in multi-algorithm mining
12	22 May	Taylor	Startup	~$1.35M	A device and a 1Password file were stolen
13	13 Jan	BlackWallet	Wallet	~$400k	Hosting account and DNS hijacked
14	24 Apr	MyEtherWallet	Wallet	~$150k	BGP hijack of Amazon’s DNS servers
15	6 Oct	SpankChain	Payment channel	~$38k (returned)	Reentrancy through a fake token

Statistics from the SlowMist database

Computed from the 2018 entries of the SlowMist Hacked database, after removing one fraud (MapleChange), the two nominal overflow mints and the multi-year phishing campaign:

79 incidents, of which only 12 have a stated loss, for ~$874M (~$861M with MyEtherWallet corrected). Coincheck and BitGrail are 83% of it.
36 entries concern EOS DApps, all without a dollar amount, mostly from September to December.

Size band	Incidents	Loss (approx. USD)	Share of loss
≥ $100M	2	$729.0M	83.4%
$10M to $100M	4	$139.2M	15.9%
$1M to $10M	1	$4.8M	0.6%
< $1M	5	$1.2M	0.1%
Not stated	67	n/a	n/a

Category	Incidents	Loss (approx. USD)	Share of loss
Key / infrastructure compromise	10	$623.0M	71.3%
Other / unknown	62	$251.2M	28.7%
Smart contract vulnerability	7	not stated	n/a

“Other / unknown” holds BitGrail and Coinrail (filed as “unknown” and “network intrusion”), the 51% attacks, the DNS hijacks and most EOS DApp attacks.

timeline
    title Main hacks of 2018
    Q1 : BlackWallet : Coincheck (~$534M) : BitGrail (~$170M) : Binance phishing
    Q2 : Coinsecure : BEC and SMT overflows : MyEtherWallet BGP hijack : Bitcoin Gold 51% : Verge : Coinrail : Bithumb (~$31M)
    Q3 : Bancor (~$23.5M) : EOS Fomo3D : KICKICO : Fomo3D round 1 : Zaif (~$60M) : EOSBet
    Q4 : SpankChain : Trade.io : Gate.io via StatCounter : Copay via event-stream : EOS rollbacks

Coincheck (~$534M, January): the largest theft of its time

In the early hours of 26 January (Japan time), 523M NEM were sent from Coincheck’s NEM wallet in a series of transactions. The wallet was a hot wallet, and it was not protected by NEM’s native multisignature, according to reports at the time (Bitcoin Magazine). Coincheck suspended deposits and withdrawals and, two days later, announced it would repay about 260,000 NEM holders ¥88.549 per XEM from its own funds.

sequenceDiagram
    participant A as Attackers
    participant C as Coincheck NEM hot wallet
    participant N as NEM Foundation
    participant X as Darknet exchange
    A->>C: Use the wallet's private key (single signature)
    C-->>A: 523M XEM (~$534M)
    N->>A: Tag receiving accounts with a "stolen" mosaic
    A->>X: Sell XEM to buyers who ignore the tag
    Note over C: Coincheck repays holders ~¥88.5 per XEM

The NEM Foundation tagged the attacker’s accounts with a “mosaic” so that exchanges could refuse the coins, but the attackers sold them through a darknet exchange; Japanese police later charged about 30 people for buying them. Group-IB attributed the theft to Lazarus, a claim the UN Panel of Experts repeated by citing it.

BitGrail (~$170M, February): a double-withdrawal bug

BitGrail, a small Italian exchange that was the main market for Nano, announced in February that 17M Nano had been lost to “unauthorised transactions”. Its owner first blamed the Nano protocol. A court-appointed expert later found that BitGrail’s own software could turn one user request into several withdrawal calls to the Nano node, so users could withdraw the same balance more than once; the losses had been building for months before disclosure. In January 2019 a Florence court declared the company and its owner bankrupt and held him personally liable for failing to put safeguards in place.

Other exchange thefts

Zaif (~$60M, September). About ¥6.7B in BTC, MONA and BCH left the Japanese exchange’s hot wallet, ¥4.5B of it customer funds. Fisco provided ¥5B and took control of the exchange (Bitcoin Magazine).
Coinrail (~$37M to ~$40M, June). The Korean exchange lost ICO tokens (NPXS, ATX, Dent) after a “network intrusion”; issuers froze or recovered part of them (BleepingComputer).
Bithumb (~$31M, June). About ₩35B left the hot wallet of Korea’s largest exchange, which compensated users (TechCrunch). The UN lists it as a suspected North Korean attack laundered through YoBit.
Bancor (~$23.5M gross, July). A wallet used to upgrade Bancor’s contracts was compromised; it had owner rights over the converters and withdrew 24,984 ETH, 229M NPXS and 3.2M BNT. Bancor froze the BNT with its own token-freeze power, which reduced the net loss to about $13.5M and reopened the debate on how decentralised Bancor was (BleepingComputer).
Trade.io (~$7.5M, October). 50M TIO disappeared from a hardware wallet kept in a bank safe-deposit box; the company suspected “actors with access at the point of installation” (Finance Magnates).
Coinsecure (~$3.3M, April). 438 BTC vanished while the Indian exchange’s chief security officer was extracting Bitcoin Gold for users; the company accused him in a police complaint (CNBC).
Binance (March, no loss). Attackers phished credentials through a lookalike domain, created API keys and sold users’ BTC for the illiquid VIA token; Binance reversed the trades (CoinDesk).

Token contract bugs

BeautyChain and SmartMesh: overflows that minted billions

On 22 April, an attacker called BeautyChain’s batchTransfer with two recipients and a value of 2^255. The function multiplied the two without overflow protection, the product wrapped around to zero, the balance check passed, and each recipient received about 5.8 × 10^58 BEC. Two days later, SmartMesh’s transferProxy was exploited the same way through an addition. PeckShield’s monitoring flagged both and found more than a dozen other affected tokens (PeckShield on proxyOverflow, NVD CVE-2018-10299). OKEx suspended ERC-20 deposits and Huobi suspended deposits and withdrawals while exchanges checked which tokens they listed.

The tokens’ market value collapsed, but the minted amounts were never sold for their nominal value, so SlowMist’s $1B and $140M are not losses in the sense of the rest of this article. In May, EDU and BAI tokens showed a different flaw: transferFrom did not check the allowance, so anyone could move anyone’s tokens (CertiK).

SpankChain, KICKICO and Fomo3D

SpankChain (~$38k, October). The payment-channel contract let the opener choose the token; the attacker’s “token” re-entered the timeout function and withdrew the ETH deposit repeatedly. The attacker returned the funds for a bounty (SpankChain).
KICKICO (~$7.7M, July). The attacker obtained the token contract’s owner key and used burn and mint functions, added for a Bancor integration, to destroy 70M KICK at 40 addresses and create them at 40 others; KICKICO restored the balances (Finance Magnates).
Fomo3D. The Ethereum game’s airdrop drew its randomness from block data, and contracts played only when they would win. On 22 August, the first round’s winner took about 10,469 ETH by filling blocks with high-fee transactions so that nobody else could buy a key before the timer expired. That was a strategy within the game’s rules rather than a theft, and it is not counted.

Chains, wallets and supply chains

51% attacks. Bitcoin Gold lost about 388,000 BTG (~$18M) to double spends against exchanges in May (Bitcoin Gold forum). Verge was attacked twice through timestamp spoofing, ZenCash suffered a 38-block reorganisation with three double spends (ZenCash), and Monacoin, Litecoin Cash and Vertcoin were attacked as well.
MyEtherWallet (~$150k, April). A network operator announced Amazon Route 53’s IP prefixes through BGP, so DNS queries for myetherwallet.com were answered by the attacker’s servers and users were sent to a phishing copy (Cloudflare).
BlackWallet (~$400k, January). The attacker took over the Stellar wallet’s hosting account, changed its DNS and injected a script that moved users’ XLM (BleepingComputer).
Gate.io via StatCounter (November). Code injected into the StatCounter analytics script, loaded by hundreds of thousands of sites, activated only on Gate.io’s withdrawal page and replaced the destination bitcoin address (ESET).
Copay via event-stream (November). A new maintainer of the npm package event-stream added a dependency whose payload decrypted only inside BitPay’s Copay wallet, where it stole keys (BitPay, Snyk).
Bitcoin CVE-2018-17144 (September). An optimisation had removed the check for duplicate inputs in a block; in recent versions it would have allowed inflation. It was patched before anyone exploited it (Bitcoin Core).

EOS: the mainnet’s first year

EOS’s mainnet launched in June 2018, and its gambling applications became targets within weeks. PeckShield counted 27 incidents and about 400,000 EOS lost between July and late November. The main ones:

EOS Fomo3D (July, 60,686 EOS). An overflow drove the game’s pot accounting negative.
EOSBet (September and October). First, the contract accepted fake EOS issued by an attacker’s contract (~40,000 to ~44,000 EOS, TNW); then, on 15 October, a forwarded transfer notification paid out about 65,000 EOS by TNW’s count, 145,321 by SlowMist’s (TNW).
Rollback attacks (December). BetDice (~200,000 EOS), EOS Max (~55,500), ToBet (~22,000) and others paid out on unconfirmed state from their own nodes; attackers made sure only their winning bets reached block producers.

The techniques, which continued through 2019, are explained in the 2019 technical article.

Frauds and exit scams

Frauds are not hacks: no system was broken into. They are listed here and not counted in this article’s hack totals. CipherTrace counts about $725M lost to exit scams in 2018.

Date	Scheme	Loss (approx. USD)	What happened
Jan	BitConnect	Multi-billion Ponzi (2016 to 2018)	Lending platform closed after US state cease-and-desist orders (TNW)
Apr	Pincoin and iFan (Modern Tech, Vietnam)	~$660M	ICO schemes promising 48% a month; the team disappeared (TechCrunch)
Oct	MapleChange	~$5.85M (913 BTC)	Canadian exchange claimed a hack, then deleted its accounts (SiliconANGLE)
Feb to Mar	Giza	~$2.4M	ICO funds drained; its executive probably did not exist (CNBC)
Jan	Prodeum	negligible	ICO replaced its website with an obscenity
Dec	QuadrigaCX	≥ C$169M	Founder’s death, disclosed in January 2019; covered in the 2019 article

Accidents and excluded entries

No large accident (a loss with no attacker) was found for 2018. EOS Poker lost 1,374 EOS in October to what SlowMist files as an “operational mistake”, and Bitcoin’s CVE-2018-17144 was a critical bug fixed before any loss. Three SlowMist entries are excluded from the totals for the reasons given in the scope section: BeautyChain and SmartMesh (nominal mints) and the Blockchain.info phishing campaign (multi-year).

Official post-mortems and statements

Incident	Source	What it says
Coincheck	Coincheck notice	Repayment of NEM holders at ¥88.549 per XEM
Coincheck	NEM Foundation tracker	Tagging of the attacker’s accounts
Bitcoin Gold	Forum post	Double spends; exchanges told to raise confirmations
ZenCash	Statement	38-block reorganisation, three double spends
SpankChain	What we know	Reentrancy; funds returned
Copay	BitPay statement	Malicious dependency in versions 5.0.2 to 5.1.0
Bitcoin Core	CVE-2018-17144 notice	No known exploitation
BitGrail	Court ruling (reported by Decrypt)	Owner liable; bankruptcy
Bancor, Bithumb, Zaif, KICKICO, EOSBet	Not found	Press reports used instead

Observations

Exchange hot wallets were the year’s single point of failure. Coincheck, Zaif, Bithumb and Coinrail together lost about $660M from online wallets.
Japan and Korea were hit hardest. CipherTrace puts 58% of exchange thefts in the two countries.
Token contracts showed basic arithmetic bugs. BEC and SMT made SafeMath standard practice, years before Solidity 0.8 checked arithmetic by default.
Admin keys were a design choice with consequences. Bancor’s and KICKICO’s owners could move or recreate tokens, which let attackers steal and let the projects freeze or restore.
Attacks moved up the stack. BGP, DNS, a hosting account, an analytics script and an npm package each reached users without touching a smart contract.
EOS gambling arrived with its own attack classes, from fake tokens to rollbacks, that dominated 2019’s incident counts.

Data gaps

This section lists what could not be found or verified while writing this article, so that it can be completed later. Each row says what is missing and where to look first.

Gap	What is missing or unverified	Where to search
Telegram export	No CryptoAlertHack export was available for 2018.	A Telegram export for 2018
Chainalysis	The 2019 Crypto Crime Report was read only through press coverage; no chainalysis.com URL was found, and it gives no 2018-only figure.	Chainalysis report archive
CipherTrace	The primary Q4 2018 release returned 403; figures come from Reuters and others.	CipherTrace archive, Wayback Machine
SlowMist and PeckShield	No 2018 annual report found for either; PeckShield’s EOS figure covers July to November only.	SlowMist and PeckShield blogs, January 2019
DeFiLlama Gate row	The $235M “Gate” key compromise of April 2018 matches no known incident.	DeFiLlama source data
Coincheck	The single-signature hot wallet detail and the malware on employee PCs come from press reports; no Japanese government attribution was found.	FSA orders, Japanese police statements
Official statements	Bancor, Bithumb, Zaif, KICKICO and EOSBet statements were not located.	Project blogs, Wayback Machine
Verge, Vertcoin	Loss figures and dates conflict (Verge $1.75M to $4.82M; Vertcoin early or mid-December).	Verge and Vertcoin announcements, exchange notices
Coinrail recovery	The share frozen or recovered by token issuers was seen only in search results.	Coinrail notices, NPXS and Dent statements
Fomo3D	The airdrop exploit and the block-stuffing round were described from search results; the main write-up page had no title.	Etherscan, the Fomo3D contracts
Frauds	BitConnect’s total, Tidex and Coinroom were not researched; Electroneum’s 51% attack (SlowMist) was not verified.	DOJ releases, Polish press

Conclusion

2018 was the year exchanges lost the most: about $950M stolen from exchanges and infrastructure according to CipherTrace, about $0.87B in the SlowMist and DeFiLlama data once nominal mints and errors are removed.

Coincheck (~$534M) was more than half the year on its own, and BitGrail (~$170M) showed that an exchange’s own software could leak funds for months.
Other exchanges (Zaif, Coinrail, Bithumb, Bancor) lost hot wallets or admin keys.
Token contracts suffered overflow bugs (BEC, SMT) that minted billions of worthless tokens and made SafeMath standard.
Chains and front ends were attacked through 51% attacks, BGP and DNS hijacks, and supply-chain compromises.
Frauds (BitConnect, Pincoin and iFan, MapleChange) are kept apart from the hack totals.

Mindmap of the 2018 crypto hacks covering the tracker figures, exchange thefts led by Coincheck, token contract bugs, chain and front-end attacks, the first EOS attacks, and frauds excluded from the totals

Annex

Key Terms

Term	Definition
Hot wallet	An exchange wallet whose keys are online; Coincheck’s NEM wallet was one.
Multisignature	Requiring several keys to sign a transaction; NEM supported it natively, but Coincheck did not use it.
Mosaic	A NEM token type; the NEM Foundation used one to tag the stolen coins.
Integer overflow	An arithmetic result exceeding the type’s maximum and wrapping around, as in BEC and SMT.
SafeMath	A Solidity library that reverts on overflow, standard after 2018.
Allowance	The amount a spender may move with `transferFrom`; EDU and BAI did not check it.
Reentrancy	Calling back into a contract before it has updated its state, as at SpankChain.
Block stuffing	Filling blocks with high-fee transactions to keep others out, used to win Fomo3D’s first round.
51% attack	Mining a longer chain with majority hash power to reverse transactions.
BGP hijack	Announcing someone else’s IP addresses so that traffic reaches the attacker, as with Amazon’s DNS for MyEtherWallet.
Supply-chain attack	Compromising a dependency or service the target uses, such as event-stream or StatCounter.
Token freeze	An issuer’s power to block tokens, used by Bancor on stolen BNT.
Exit scam	A project or exchange disappearing with users’ funds; a fraud, not a hack.
Nominal loss	The paper value of tokens taken or minted, which may never be realisable.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: How much was stolen in crypto hacks in 2018?

About $950M from exchanges and infrastructure according to CipherTrace, which counted $1.7B including exit scams. DeFiLlama and SlowMist give about $0.87B to $0.89B once nominal token mints, a multi-year phishing campaign and an unexplained entry are removed. Coincheck alone is more than half of it.

Q: How did Coincheck lose $534M?

Its NEM was held in a hot wallet whose key could sign transfers on its own; the NEM network supported multisignature, but Coincheck did not use it, according to reports at the time. An attacker with the key moved 523M XEM in a few hours. Coincheck repaid customers from its own funds, and Group-IB attributed the theft to North Korea’s Lazarus Group.

Q: Did the BeautyChain overflow really cost $1B?

No. The overflow created about 10^59 BEC from nothing, and SlowMist’s $1B is a notional value. The real damage was the collapse of BEC’s market value and the suspension of ERC-20 deposits at major exchanges while they checked their tokens. The minted tokens could not be sold for anything near their face value.

Q: Was BitGrail hacked or did it commit fraud?

An Italian court found that BitGrail’s software could process the same withdrawal more than once, that its owner failed to put safeguards in place and that he delayed disclosing the losses for months. It held him liable and declared him and the company bankrupt, but did not find fraud. This article counts BitGrail as a hack.

Q: Was the Fomo3D win a hack?

Not in the sense of a theft. The winner of the first round filled Ethereum blocks with high-fee transactions so that nobody else could buy a key before the timer ran out, which the game’s rules allowed. It showed that a game ending on a timer can be won by whoever controls block space at the deadline.

Q: Why were 51% attacks so common in 2018?

Many small proof-of-work coins shared mining algorithms with larger ones, so hash power could be rented on marketplaces for less than the value of a double spend against an exchange. Bitcoin Gold, Verge, ZenCash, Monacoin and others were attacked; exchanges responded by raising confirmation requirements or delisting the coins.

References

Annual reports and figures

Official statements and post-mortems

Technical analyses

Press

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# hack # exploit # security # cex # eos # overflow # post-mortem # north-korea

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