FRI in Twelve Cards — The Definitions to Memorise

Twelve flashcards for the FRI protocol: low-degree polynomials, Reed-Solomon codes, proximity, Merkle commitments, folding, the commit and query phases.

2026, Sep 14   —  10 minute read

Reading Public State from a Private Function on Aztec — Why a Pause Flag Comes with a Delay

A private Aztec function cannot read a public flag. DelayedPublicMutable allows it, at the price of a delay that also caps how long the transaction stays valid.

2026, Sep 14   —  21 minute read

FRI and Proximity Proofs, Part 1 — Reed-Solomon Codes, IOPs of Proximity, Quotienting and Folding

The toolbox behind FRI: linear codes and the Johnson bound, IOPs and the BCS compiler, quotienting with a DEEP sample, proximity gaps and folding.

2026, Sep 11   —  33 minute read

FRI and Proximity Proofs — The Vocabulary, From Beginner to Advanced

A layered glossary of FRI and proximity proofs. Thirty terms, from Hamming distance and Reed-Solomon codes to IOPPs, quotienting, DEEP and folding.

2026, Sep 11   —  19 minute read

Aztec Contract Standards — AIP-20, AIP-721, ARC-1155, ARC-403, AIP-4626 and the Escrow Standard

Aztec's ERC equivalents share one design: a private note balance and a public balance per account, transfers named by domain, authwits instead of approve.

2026, Sep 11   —  22 minute read

AIP-20, the Aztec Token Standard, Compared with ERC-20 and ERC-7984

AIP-20 gives each account a private note balance and a public one, swaps approve for authwits and reverts on shortfall. ERC-7984 hides amounts, never reverts.

2026, Sep 11   —  32 minute read

Four ATT&CK Techniques for Getting Into Accounts - Valid Accounts, Brute Force, Password Guessing and Password Spraying

How adversaries acquire credentials with Brute Force (T1110), Password Guessing (T1110.001) and Spraying (T1110.003), then abuse them as Valid Accounts (T1078).

2026, Sep 09   —  14 minute read